European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
Volume 134, Issue 1 , Pages 57-66 , September 2007

Use of oral contraceptives in Germany: Prevalence, determinants and use-associated health correlates: Results of National Health Surveys from 1984 to 1999

  • Yong Du

      Affiliations

    • RKI 22, Pharmacoepidemiology, Robert-Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
    • DAAD-scholarship holder, on leave of Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
  • ,
  • Hans-Ulrich Melchert

      Affiliations

    • RKI 22, Pharmacoepidemiology, Robert-Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +49 30 45473170; fax: +49 30 45473211.
  • ,
  • Monika Schäfer-Korting

      Affiliations

    • Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Free University Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, D-14191 Berlin, Germany

Received 7 November 2005 ,Revised 12 December 2006 ,Accepted 12 January 2007.

References 

  1. Tanis BC, van den Bosch MAAJ, Kemmeren JM, et al. Oral contraceptives and the risk of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1787–1793
  2. Gillum LA, Mamidipudi SK, Johnston SC. Ischemic stroke risk with oral contraceptives: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2000;284:72–78
  3. Farmer RD, Lawrenson RA, Todd JC, et al. A comparison of the risks of venous thromboembolic disease in association with different combined oral contraceptives. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2000;49:580–590
  4. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53 297 women with breast cancer and 100,239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies. Lancet. 1996;347:1713–1727
  5. Dunn N, Thorogood M, Faragher B, et al. Oral contraceptives and myocardial infarction: results of the MICA case–control study. BMJ. 1999;12:1579–1583
  6. Marchbanks PA, McDonald JA, Wilson HG, et al. Oral contraceptives and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:2025–2032
  7. Petitti DB, Sidney S, Bernstein A, Wolf S, Quesenberry C, Ziel HK. Stroke in users of low-dose oral contraceptives. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:8–15
  8. Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288:321–333
  9. http://msnbc.msn.com/id/6291053, accessed on 25 October 2004.
  10. La Vecchia C, Franceschi S. Oral contraceptives and ovarian cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev. 1999;8:297–304
  11. The Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study Group. Combination oral contraceptive use and the risk of endometrial cancer. The cancer and steroid hormone study of the Centers for Disease Control and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. JAMA. 1987;257:796–800
  12. Lundberg V, Tolonen H, Stegmayr B, Kuulasmaa K, Asplund K WHO MONICA Project. Use of oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy in the WHO MONICA project. Maturitas. 2004;48:39–49
  13. GCP Study Group. The German Cardiovascular Prevention Study (GCP): design and methods. GCP Study Group. Eur Heart J. 1988;9:1058–1066
  14. Schwerpunktheft: Bundes-Gesundheitssurvey 1998 -Erfahrungen, Ergebnisse und Perspektiven (Translation: German National Health Interview and Examination Survey -experiences, results and perspectives). Gesundheitswesen 61 (Special Issue 2) 1999; 55–222.
  15. Heinemann K, Moehner S, Lewis M, Assmann A, Garbe E, Heinemann LA. Trends of OC use 1980–1999 in a German cohort of women. Zentralbl Gynäkol. 2002;124:128–131
  16. Oddens BJ. Women's satisfaction with birth control: a population survey of physical and psychological effects of oral contraceptives, intrauterine devices, condoms, natural family planning, and sterilization among 1466 women. Contraception. 1999;59:277–286
  17. Spitzer WO, Lewis MA, Heinemann LA, Thorogood M, MacRae KD. Third generation oral contraceptives and risk of venous thromboembolic disorders: an international case–control study. Transnational Research Group on Oral Contraceptives and the Health of Young Women. BMJ. 1996;312:83–88
  18. Piccinino LJ, Mosher WD. Trends in contraceptive use in the United States: 1982–1995. Fam Plann Perspect. 1998;30:4–1046
  19. Melchert HU, Knopf H. Daten der Nationalen Untersuchungssurveys zum Verbrauch oraler Kontrazeptiva (OC) in West- und Ostdeutschland (Data of National Health Surveys for oral contraceptive use in West and East Germany). In: Bärbel-Maria Bellach (Hrsg.)  editors. Die Gesundheit der Deutschen (Band 2): Zusammenhänge zwischen Gesundheit und Lebensstil, Umwelt und soziodemografischen Faktoren-Eine Auswertung von Surveydaten. Berlin: Robert-Koch Institute; 1996;p. 133–148ISBN 3-89606-016-3
  20. Mukherjea M, Mukherjee P, Biswas R. Long-term contraception with Depo–Provera: a clinical evaluation. Int J Fertil. 1980;25:122–126
  21. Lloyd T, Lin HM, Matthews AE, Bentley CM, Legro RS. Oral contraceptive use by teenage women does not affect body composition. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;100:235–239
  22. Egarter C, Topcuoglu MA, Imhof M, Huber J. Low dose oral contraceptives and quality of life. Contraception. 1999;59:287–291
  23. Larsson G, Milsom I, Lindstedt G, Rybo G. The influence of a low-dose combined oral contraceptive on menstrual blood loss and iron status. Contraception. 1992;46:327–334
  24. The ESHRE Capri Workshop Group. Noncontraceptive health benefits of combined oral contraception. Human Reproduction Update. 2005;11:513–525
  25. Davis A, Godwin A, Lippman J, Olson W, Kafrissen M. Triphasic norgestimate-ethinyl estradiol for treating dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;96:913–920
  26. Task Force for Epidemiological Research on Reproductive Health. Effects of contraceptives on hemoglobin and ferritin. Contraception. 1998;58:262–273
  27. WHO . Improving access to quality care in family planning: medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use. 2nd ed.. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2000;
  28. Chasan-Taber L, Willett WC, Manson JE, et al. Prospective study of oral contraceptives and hypertension among women in the United States. Circulation. 1996;94:483–489
  29. Scharnagl H, Petersen G, Nauck M, Teichmann AT, Wieland H, Marz W. Double-blind, randomized study comparing the effects of two monophasic oral contraceptives containing ethinylestradiol (20 microg or 30 microg) and levonorgestrel (100 microg or 150 microg) on lipoprotein metabolism. Contraception. 2004;69:105–113
  30. Mantel-Teeuwisse AK, Kloosterman JM, Maitland-van der Zee AH, Klungel OH, Porsius AJ, de Boer A. Drug-Induced lipid changes: a review of the unintended effects of some commonly used drugs on serum lipid levels. Drug Saf. 2001;24:443–456
  31. Lobo RA, Skinner JB, Lippman JS, Cirillo SJ. Plasma lipids and desogestrel and ethinyl estradiol: a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril. 1996;65:1100–1109
  32. Du Y, Melchert HU, Schäfer-Korting M. Hormone replacement therapy in Germany—determinants and possible health-related outcomes: results of National Health Surveys from 1984 to 1999. Maturitas. 2005;52:223–234

PII: S0301-2115(07)00036-X

doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2007.01.007

European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
Volume 134, Issue 1 , Pages 57-66 , September 2007